Neonatology is a specialization of pediatrics that focuses on the medical treatment of newborn babies, particularly sick or born prematurely. It is primarily a hospital-based specialty most often seen in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Newborn children who are sick or need special medical care due to preterm conditions, sepsis, pulmonary hypoplasia, or birth asphyxia are the essential typical patients seen by neonatologists.